China Flora: Tree, up to 30 meters high; bark is gray-brown, flaking off. Young branches densely covered with yellow resin glands, sparsely covered with soft hairs. Leaves are ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3.5-7 cm long, with acuminate or caudal tips, rounded or nearly cordate base, glabrous above, densely covered with resin glands and long soft hairs below, with irregular fine and sharp double serrations, 9-16 pairs of lateral veins; petiole 0.8-2 cm long. Female inflorescence solitary, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter, peduncle 2-5 mm long, sparsely covered with long soft hairs and resin glands; bracts 5-8 mm long, glabrous, middle lobe oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes oblong, spreading, as long as 1/3 of the middle lobe. Nutlets are obovate, about 2 mm long, glabrous, and the membranous wings are 1/2 the width of the fruit. Fruiting period is August-September.

It is produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia and Hebei, and grows in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at an altitude of 600-2500 meters. It is also distributed in North Korea and Ussuri, Russia. The wood is used for pillars, boards, plywood, etc. 

[translated from Higher Plants of China]

Korea Flora: Deciduous tree. Height 30m. Bark white or grayish-brown, peeling in paper-like layers. Stems: Branches brown, young branches initially pubescent becoming glabrous; lenticels elongated horizontally and linear. Leaves: Alternate, ovate-elliptic, elongate-ovate-elliptic, or elongate-ovate, 5-8cm × 2-2.8cm, apex narrowly and long-pointed, base rounded or subcordate; margins doubly serrate; upper surface glabrous or pubescent; lower surface with glandular dots, pubescent along veins; 10-16 pairs of lateral veins. Petiole 0.8-1.5cm long. Flowers: Female catkins solitary, oblong, 1.8-2cm long, peduncle very short (5mm). Central lobe of bracts 6mm long, about twice as long as lateral lobes; lateral lobes ovate or spathulate. Fruit and Seeds: Nuts ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 2cm long, shortly stalked; central lobe of involucral bracts 6mm long, about twice as long as lateral lobes; lateral lobes ovate or spathulate. Nutlets ovoid or broadly ovoid, wings narrower than fruit body, 3mm wide including wings.

Sporophyte Chromosome Number: 28
Flowering Period: Early May
Fruiting Period: Early to late September
Distribution: Northeastern China; Baekdudaegan Mountain Range (Korea)

Ecological Characteristics: Growth is slow after germination but accelerates in young seedling stage. In Gangwon-do, grows well around 1,000m elevation. Seed germination occurs mainly between 5-7°C, making late March to early April (up to early May in Gangwon-do) optimal planting time. Light-demanding species, growing poorly in shade and thriving in open, sunny areas. Moderate cold and drought tolerance. Sensitive to pollution, making it unsuitable for urban environments.