Japan Flora: Tall tree with scabrous branches when young; leaves rather thin, ovate to narrowly so, 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, long- acuminate, obtusely rounded at base, acutely toothed, 3-nerved from the base, scabrous and green above, short appressed-pilose beneath, the lateral nerves 7 to 12 pairs, ending in a tooth, the petioles 5-10 mm. long; flowers green, small; drupe ovoid-globose, short appressed-pilose, black when mature, 7-8 mm. across, the pedicels 7-8 mm. long. May. Lowlands and hills; 

Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Korea and China.

Korea Flora: Deciduous tree, height of 20 meters, diameter of 2 meters.  young branches heavily covered with hairs. winter buds elongate, pointed at the end, with 6-10 scales, and terminal bud and lateral buds similar (length 4-6mm). leaf scars triangular or crescent-shaped. Leaves alternately arranged, narrowly ovate, with a long pointed tip and a wide base, 5-10cm × 3-6cm in size, with sharp serrations on the edges. Leaf surface  very rough, with short pubescence on the underside, 7-12 pairs of lateral veins reaching the serrations. petiole 5-10mm long. Monoecious (both male and female flowers on the same tree).  male flowers cymes emerging from the axils of new branches, green in color, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens each. female flowers singly or in pairs from the axils of the upper parts of new branches, with 5 petals and 2 stigmas. Fruit and seed drupes, egg-shaped to spherical, with short pubescence, 7-8mm in diameter, black in color, and fleshy part sweet. fruit stalk 7-8mm long.

Sporophyte chromosome number: 26, 28.

Flowering : May.

Fruiting: Early September to late October.

Distribution: Southern China, southern Honshu in Japan, western Japan to Okinawa; in Korea, it is found on the coastal islands of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeju Island, and Ulleungdo.

Ecological characteristics: It is a shade-tolerant but near-sun-loving tree that thrives in flatlands or areas below the middle of the mountain with moist soil. The roots are shallow and spread widely, often branching out. It grows alongside trees like Hackberry, Zelkova, and Hornbeam.